B.Pharmacy Human Anatomy And Physiology-2 Notes

B.Pharmacy 2nd Semester Human Anatomy and Physiology-2 notes cover the nervous, digestive, respiratory, urinary, endocrine, and reproductive systems. The syllabus includes neurons, brain and spinal cord functions, GIT anatomy and digestion, respiratory and urinary mechanisms, hormone functions, reproductive physiology, and basic genetics including DNA, chromosomes, and inheritance patterns. These notes provide a comprehensive foundation for understanding human physiology in pharmacy studies.

Bachelor of Pharmacy
Semester		2nd Semester		Subject		Human Anatomy and Physiology – 2
Syllabus
Unit 1st	Nervous system Organization of nervous system, neurones, neuroglia, classification and properties of nerve fibre, electrophysiology, action potential, nerve impulse, receptors, synapse, neurotransmitters. Central nervous system: Meninges, ventricles of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. structure and functions of brain (cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum) and spinal cord (gross structure, functions of afferent and efferent nerve tracts, reflex activity)
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Unit 2nd	Digestive system Anatomy of the GI tract with special reference to the anatomy and functions of the stomach (acid production in the stomach, regulation of acid production through the parasympathetic nervous system, pepsin’s role in protein digestion), small intestine and large intestine; anatomy and functions of salivary glands, pancreas and liver; movements of the GIT; digestion and absorption of nutrients; and disorders of the GIT. Energetics Formation and role of ATP, Creatinine Phosphate and BMR
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Unit 3rd	Respiratory system Anatomy of respiratory system with special reference to anatomy of lungs, mechanism of respiration, and the regulation of respiration Lung Volumes and capacities transport of respiratory gases, artificial respiration, and resuscitation methods Urinary system Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation, micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney and disorders of kidney.
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Unit 4th	Endocrine system Classification of hormones, mechanism of hormone action, structure and functions of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus and their disorders.
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Unit 5th	Reproductive system Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition Introduction to genetics Chromosomes, genes and DNA, protein synthesis, genetic pattern of inheritance
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Human Anatomy & Physiology-2 covers the structure and functions of the nervous, digestive, respiratory, urinary, endocrine, and reproductive systems. It explains the organization of the nervous system, neurons, synapses, and the structure and functions of the brain and spinal cord. The digestive system, including the GIT, accessory organs, and digestion processes, is discussed along with energetics. Respiratory and urinary systems are covered with emphasis on mechanisms, regulation, and disorders. Endocrine glands and hormones, male and female reproductive systems, and reproductive physiology are included. The course also introduces genetics, including chromosomes, DNA, protein synthesis, and inheritance patterns, providing a complete foundation for human physiology in pharmacy practice.

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