B.Pharmacy 2nd Semester Pathophysiology Notes

B.Pharmacy 2nd Semester Pathophysiology notes cover cell injury, adaptation, inflammation, and wound healing. The syllabus includes cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hematological, endocrine, nervous, gastrointestinal, liver, bone, joint, and cancer disorders. It also explains infectious diseases, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted diseases, providing pharmacy students with a comprehensive understanding of disease mechanisms and clinical relevance.

Bachelor of Pharmacy
Semester		2nd Semester		Subject		Pathophysiology
Syllabus
Unit 1st	Basic principles of Cell injury and Adaptation: Introduction, definitions, Homeostasis, Components and Types of Feedback systems, Causes of cellular injury, Pathogenesis (Cell membrane damage, Mitochondrial damage, Ribosome damage, Nuclear damage),Morphology of cell injury– Adaptive changes (Atrophy, Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia),Cell swelling, Intra cellular accumulation, Calcification, Enzyme leakage and Cell Death, Acidosis & Alkalosis, Electrolyte imbalance Basic mechanism involved in the process of inflammation and repair: Introduction, Clinical signs of inflammation, Different types of Inflammation, Mechanism of Inflammation– Alteration in vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of WBC’s, Mediators of inflammation, Basic principles of wound healing in the skin, Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
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Unit 2nd	Cardiovascular System: Hypertension, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis) Respiratory system: Asthma, Chronic obstructive airways diseases. Renal system: Acute and chronic renal failure
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Unit 3rd	Haematological Diseases: Iron deficiency, megaloblastic anemia (Vit B12 and folic acid), sickle cell anemia, thalasemia, hereditary acquired anemia, hemophilia Endocrine system: Diabetes, thyroid diseases, disorders of sex hormones Nervous system: Epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, Psychiatric disorders: depression, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Gastrointestinal system: Peptic Ulcer
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Unit 4th	Inflammatorybowel diseases, jaundice, hepatitis (A,B,C,D,E,F) alcoholic liver disease. Disease of bones and joints: Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and gout Principles of cancer: classification, etiology and pathogenesis of cancer
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Unit 5th	Infectious diseases: Meningitis,Typhoid, Leprosy, Tuberculosis Urinary tract infections Sexually transmitted diseases: AIDS, Syphilis, Gonorrhea
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Pathophysiology in B.Pharmacy 2nd semester explains the mechanisms of disease and their effects on normal body functions. It covers cellular injury, adaptation, inflammation, wound healing, and atherosclerosis. The syllabus includes cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hematological, endocrine, nervous, and gastrointestinal disorders. It also discusses liver diseases, bone and joint disorders, principles of cancer, infectious diseases, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted diseases, providing a strong foundation for understanding disease processes in pharmaceutical practice.

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