B Pharmacy 7th Semester Instrumental Methods of Analysis Notes

B.Pharmacy 7th Semester Instrumental Methods of Analysis notes covering UV-Visible spectroscopy, fluorimetry, IR, AAS, chromatography, electrophoresis, GC, HPLC, ion exchange, gel and affinity chromatography. Well-structured, exam-oriented notes ideal for concept clarity, numericals, and university exam preparation.

Bachelor of Pharmacy
Semester		7th Semester		Subject		Instrumental Methods of Analysis
Syllabus
Unit 1st	UV Visible spectroscopy Electronic transitions, chromophores, auxochromes, spectral shifts, solvent effect on absorption spectra, Beer and Lambert’s law, Derivation and deviations. Instrumentation – Sources of radiation, wavelength selectors, sample cells, detectors Photo tube, Photomultiplier tube, Photo voltaic cell, Silicon Photodiode. Applications – Spectrophotometric titrations, Single component and multi component analysis Fluorimetry Theory, Concepts of singlet, doublet and triplet electronic states, internal and external conversions, factors affecting fluorescence, quenching, instrumentation and applications
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Unit 2nd

IR spectroscopy Introduction, fundamental modes of vibrations in poly atomic molecules, sample handling, factors affecting vibrations Instrumentation – Sources of radiation, wavelength selectors, detectors- Golay cell, Bolometer, Thermocouple, Thermister, Pyroelectric detector and applications Flame Photometry – Principle, interferences, instrumentation and applications Atomic absorption spectroscopy – Principle, interferences, instrumentation and applications Nepheloturbidometry: Principle, instrumentation and applications

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Unit 3rd

Introduction to chromatography Adsorption and partition column chromatography – methodology, advantages, disadvantages and applications. Thin layer chromatography – Introduction, Principle, Methodology, Rf values, advantages, disadvantages and applications. Paper chromatography – introduction, methodology, development techniques, advantages, disadvantages and applications Electrophoresis – Introduction, factors affecting electrophoretic mobility, Techniques of paper, gel, capillary electrophoresis, applications

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Unit 4th	Gas chromatography – Introduction, theory, instrumentation, derivatization, temperature programming, advantages, disadvantages and applications High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) – Introduction, theory, instrumentation, advantages and applications
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Unit 5th	Ion exchange chromatography – Introduction, classification, ion exchange resins, properties, mechanism of ion exchange process, factors affecting ion exchange, methodology and applications Gel chromatography – Introduction, theory, instrumentation and applications Affinity chromatography – Introduction, theory, instrumentation and applications
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These B.Pharmacy 7th Semester Instrumental Methods of Analysis notes provide a detailed understanding of analytical techniques widely used in pharmaceutical analysis and quality control. Unit I covers UV-Visible spectroscopy including electronic transitions, Beer–Lambert’s law, instrumentation, detectors, and applications along with fluorimetry principles and uses.

Unit II explains IR spectroscopy, flame photometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and nepheloturbidometry with emphasis on instrumentation and pharmaceutical applications. Unit III focuses on chromatographic techniques such as adsorption and partition chromatography, TLC, paper chromatography, and electrophoresis with methodology, advantages, and applications. Unit IV includes gas chromatography and HPLC, explaining theory, instrumentation, and pharmaceutical relevance.

Unit V covers advanced chromatographic methods including ion exchange, gel, and affinity chromatography. Written in simple, exam-oriented language, these notes are ideal for concept building, numerical understanding, quick revision, and scoring well in B.Pharmacy university examinations.

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