D Pharmacy 2nd Year Biochemistry and Clinical pathology Notes

D Pharmacy 2nd Year Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology notes covering biomolecules, enzymes, metabolism, vitamins, hormones, and diagnostic laboratory tests of blood, urine, and body fluids. Includes normal values, disease markers, and test principles explained in simple, exam-focused language. Useful for concept clarity, practical understanding, and quick revision for D.Pharm students preparing for sessional and final examinations.

Diploma in Pharmacy
D. Pharma		2nd Year		Subject		Biochemistry and clinical pathology
Syllabus
Chapter 1	Introduction to biochemistry: Scope of biochemistry in pharmacy: the cell and its biochemical organization.
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Chapter 2	Carbohydrates  Definition, classification with examples, chemical properties  Monosaccharides – Structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose  Disaccharides – structure of maltose, lactose, and sucrose  Polysaccharides – chemical nature of starch and glycogen  Qualitative tests and biological role of carbohydrates
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Chapter 3	Proteins  Definition and classification of proteins based on composition and solubility with examples  Definition and classification of amino acids based on chemical nature and nutritional requirements with examples  Structure of proteins (four levels of organization of protein structure)  Qualitative tests and biological role of proteins and amino acids  Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins.
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Chapter 4	Lipids  Definition, classification with examples  Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils and fats)  Fatty acid classification – Based on chemical and nutritional requirements with examples  Structure and functions of cholesterol in the body  Lipoproteins – types, composition and functions in the body  Qualitative tests and functions of lipids
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Chapter 5	Nucleic acids  Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases  Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples  Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and their functions
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Chapter 6	Enzymes  Definition, properties and IUB and MB classification  Factors affecting enzyme activity  Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme inhibitors  Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of enzymes
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Chapter 7	Vitamins  Definition and classification with examples  Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins
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Chapter 8	Metabolism (Study of cycle/pathways without chemical structures)  Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood glucose level. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of Carbohydrates  Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of Fatty acid (Palmitic acid) ketogenesis and ketolysis. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of lipids such as Ketoacidosis, Fatty liver, Hypercholesterolemia  Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins): General reactions of amino acids and its significance Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle and decarboxylation. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria and Jaundice.  Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation
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Chapter 9	Minerals: Types, Functions, Deficiency diseases, recommended dietary requirements
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Chapter 10	Water and Electrolytes  Distribution, functions of water in the body  Water turnover and balance  Electrolyte composition of the body fluids, Dietary intake of electrolyte and Electrolyte balance  Dehydration, causes of dehydration and oral rehydration therapy
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Chapter 11	Introduction to Biotechnology
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Chapter 12	Organ function tests  Functions of kidney and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of kidney and their clinical significances  Functions of liver and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of liver and their clinical significances  Lipid profile tests and its clinical significances
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Chapter 13	Introduction to Pathology of Blood and Urine  Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and disease  Erythrocytes – Abnormal cells and their significance  Normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and their significance
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D Pharmacy 2nd Year Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology notes cover the chemical processes of the human body and basic laboratory diagnostic methods. Topics include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, enzymes, vitamins, hormones, and metabolism, along with clinical pathology tests of blood, urine, and body fluids. The notes explain disease markers, normal values, and diagnostic significance in simple, exam-oriented language with tables and key points for quick revision and better exam preparation.

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