Looking for clear and concise handwritten notes for B.Pharm 2nd Semester? This page provides detailed, heading-wise notes covering Human Anatomy & Physiology II, Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pathophysiology, Environmental Science, and more. Perfect for quick revision and exam preparation, these notes are structured in an easy-to-read paragraph format ideal for pharmacy students.
B.Pharmacy 2nd Semester
B.Pharmacy 2nd Semester Handwritten Notes
Well-structured, heading-wise handwritten-style notes for easy learning and revision.
1. Human Anatomy and Physiology – II
Introduction: Continuation of Anatomy and Physiology-I, focusing on more body systems.
Digestive System: Covers organs like mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas. Explains digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Respiratory System: Includes nose, trachea, lungs. Explains breathing, gas exchange, and oxygen transport.
Endocrine System: Study of glands and hormones such as pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
Urinary and Reproductive Systems: Discusses kidney function, urine formation, and male/female reproductive organs.
2. Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry – I
Introduction: Basic principles of organic chemistry relevant to pharmacy.
Structure and Properties: Covers bonding, hybridization, isomerism, and resonance.
Reaction Mechanisms: Types of reactions like substitution, addition, and elimination.
Functional Groups: Study of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones.
Stereochemistry: Introduction to chirality, optical activity, and enantiomers.
3. Biochemistry
Introduction: Biochemistry explains the chemical processes within living organisms.
Carbohydrates and Lipids: Structure, classification, and biological importance of glucose, starch, fats, and cholesterol.
Proteins and Enzymes: Structure, functions of amino acids and proteins. Role and mechanism of enzymes.
Vitamins and Coenzymes: Functions of vitamins A, B, C, D, E, K and their deficiencies.
Metabolism: Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, and metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
4. Pathophysiology
Introduction: Study of altered physiological processes in diseases.
Basic Concepts: Etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, and complications.
Common Diseases: Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, asthma, peptic ulcers, cancer, and infectious diseases.
Inflammation and Healing: Mechanism of inflammation, stages of healing, and tissue repair.
Cell Injury: Causes and types of cell damage including necrosis and apoptosis.
5. Computer Applications in Pharmacy
Introduction: Importance of computer knowledge in pharmaceutical fields.
Basics of Computer Systems: Input/output devices, software, operating systems, and internet basics.
Data Management: Use of MS Excel, MS Word, and PowerPoint in pharmacy documentation.
Pharmacy Software: Introduction to software used in hospital and retail pharmacy management.
Online Resources: Drug databases, e-prescriptions, online journals, and digital libraries.
6. Environmental Sciences
Introduction: Study of environment, pollution, and sustainability.
Natural Resources: Conservation of water, air, soil, and forests.
Pollution: Types of pollution – air, water, soil, and noise; their sources and effects.
Global Environmental Issues: Climate change, ozone depletion, global warming, and biodiversity conservation.
Waste Management: Biomedical waste and solid waste disposal techniques.
