B.Pharmacy 2nd Semester Biochemistry Notes

B.Pharmacy 2nd semester Biochemistry notes cover biomolecules, bioenergetics, carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, and metabolic disorders. The syllabus explains biological oxidation, nucleic acid metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, protein synthesis, enzyme kinetics, regulation, inhibitors, and therapeutic applications of enzymes, providing a strong biochemical foundation for pharmacy students.

Bachelor of Pharmacy
Semester		2nd Semester		Subject		Biochemistry
Syllabus
Unit 1st	Biomolecules Introduction, classification, chemical nature and biological role of carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids and proteins Bioenergetics Concept of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reaction, Relationship between free energy, enthalpy and entropy; Redox potential. Energy rich compounds; classification; biological significances of ATP and cyclic AMP
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Unit 2nd	Carbohydrate metabolism Glycolysis– Pathway, energetics and significance Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD) Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus Biological oxidation Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism. Oxidative phosphorylation & its mechanism and substrate level phosphorylation Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouplers
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Unit 3rd	Lipid metabolism β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid (Palmitic acid) Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosis De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid) Biological significance of cholesterol and conversion of cholesterol into bile acids, steroid hormone and vitamin D Disorders of lipid metabolism: Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver and obesity Amino acid metabolism General reactions of amino acid metabolism: Transamination, deamination & decarboxylation, urea cycle and its disorders Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders (Phenyketonuria, Albinism, alkeptonuria, tyrosinemia) Synthesis and significance of biological substances; 5-HT, melatonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline Catabolism of heme; hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice
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Unit 4th	Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides Catabolism of purine nucleotides and Hyperuricemia and Gout disease Organization of mammalian genome Structure of DNA and RNA and their functions DNAreplication (semi conservative model) Transcription or RNA synthesis Genetic code, Translation or Protein synthesis and inhibitors
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Unit 5th	Enzymes Introduction, properties, nomenclature and IUB classification of enzymes Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Line Weaver Burke plot) Enzyme inhibitors with examples Regulation of enzymes: enzyme induction and repression, allosteric enzymes regulation Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes and isoenzymes Coenzymes–Structure and biochemical functions
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Biochemistry in B.Pharmacy 2nd semester covers the structure, classification, and biological roles of biomolecules along with principles of bioenergetics and energy-rich compounds. It explains carbohydrate metabolism, biological oxidation, and regulation of blood glucose. The syllabus includes lipid and amino acid metabolism, metabolic disorders, and synthesis of biologically important compounds. It also covers nucleic acid metabolism, genetic information transfer, and enzyme kinetics, regulation, and therapeutic applications, providing a strong biochemical foundation for pharmaceutical studies.

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