B.Pharmacy 4th Semester Physical Pharmaceutics 2 Notes

Physical Pharmaceutics–II notes for B.Pharmacy 4th semester cover solutions, colligative properties, buffer systems, complexation, solubilization, micelles, and pharmaceutical calculations. The notes also explain factors affecting drug stability, formulation techniques, and biopharmaceutical considerations, helping students understand the application of physicochemical principles in designing safe, effective, and stable pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Bachelor of Pharmacy
Semester		4th Semester		Subject		Physical Pharmaceutics–II
Syllabus
Unit 1st	Colloidal dispersions: Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics, size & shapes of colloidal particles, classification of colloids & comparative account of their general properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties. Effect of electrolytes, coacervation, peptization& protective action.
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Unit 2nd	Rheology: Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature, non-Newtonian systems, pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling Sphere, rotational viscometers Deformation of solids: Plastic and elastic deformation, Heckel equation, Stress, Strain, Elastic Modulus
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Unit 3rd	Coarse dispersion: Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions, formulation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Emulsions and theories of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple emulsions; Stability of emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions and emulsion formulation by HLB method.
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Unit 4th	Micromeretics: Particle size and distribution, mean particle size, number and weight distribution, particle number, methods for determining particle size by different methods, counting and separation method, particle shape, specific surface, methods for determining surface area, permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow properties.
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Unit 5th	Drug stability: Reaction kinetics: zero, pseudo-zero, first & second order, units of basic rate constants, determination of reaction order. Physical and chemical factors influencing the chemical degradation of pharmaceutical product: temperature, solvent, ionic strength, dielectric constant, specific & general acid base catalysis, Simple numerical problems. Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis & oxidation. Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Photolytic degradation and its prevention
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Physical Pharmaceutics–II builds on the principles learned in Physical Pharmaceutics–I and focuses on the application of physicochemical properties in pharmaceutical dosage forms. It covers solutions, colligative properties, buffer systems, complexation, solubilization, micelles, and pharmaceutical calculations. The subject also explains factors affecting drug stability, pharmaceutical formulations, and biopharmaceutical considerations, providing a foundation for designing safe and effective dosage forms.

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