B.Pharmacy 5th Semester Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry-2 Notes

B.Pharmacy 5th Semester Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry-II notes prepared as per PCI syllabus. Covers terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phytochemical screening, biosynthesis, isolation, and medicinal uses. Ideal for exam preparation, quick revision, and clear understanding of natural product chemistry concepts.

Bachelor of Pharmacy
Semester		5th Semester		Subject		Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry-2
Syllabus
Unit 1st	Metabolic pathways in higher plants and their determination a) Brief study of basic metabolic pathways and formation of different secondary metabolites through these pathways- Shikimic acid pathway, Acetate pathways and Amino acid pathway. b) Studyof utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of Biogenetic studies.
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Unit 2nd	General introduction, composition, chemistry & chemical classes, biosources, therapeutic uses and commercial applications of the following secondary metabolites: Alkaloids: Vinca, Rauwolfia, Belladonna, Opium, Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids: Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis Volatile oils: Mentha, Clove, Cinnamon, Fennel, Coriander, Tannins: Catechu, Pterocarpus Resins: Benzoin, Guggul, Ginger, Asafoetida, Myrrh, Colophony Glycosides: Senna, Aloes, Bitter Almond Iridoids, Other terpenoids & Naphthaquinones: Gentian, Artemisia, taxus, carotenoids
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Unit 3rd	Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin c) Alkaloids: Atropine, Quinine, Reserpine, Caffeine d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
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Unit 4th	Industrial production, estimation and utilisation of the following phytoconstituents: Forskolin, Sennoside, Artemisinin, Diosgenin, Digoxin, Atropine, Podophyllotoxin, Caffeine, Taxol, Vincristine and Vinblastine
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Unit 5th	Basics of Phytochemistry Modern methods of extraction, application of latest techniques like Spectroscopy, chromatography and electrophoresis in the isolation, purification and identification of crude drugs
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These B.Pharmacy 5th semester Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry-II notes provide a clear and structured explanation of natural products and phytoconstituents. The syllabus includes terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, biosynthetic pathways, extraction, isolation, and identification methods. Written in simple language, the notes are exam-oriented and helpful for concept building, revision, and academic success.

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