B.Pharm 8th semester Biostatistics and Research Methodology notes covering statistics, probability, regression, parametric and non-parametric tests, design of experiments, response surface methodology, and clinical research. Unit-wise content with pharmaceutical examples, numericals, and exam-orientated explanations prepared as per the PCI syllabus for effective learning and quick revision.
Biostatistics and Research Methodology Overview
| Bachelor of Pharmacy | |||||||
| Semester | 8th Semester | Subject | Biostatistics and Research Methodology | ||||
| Syllabus | |||||||
| Unit 1st | Introduction: Statistics, Biostatistics, Frequency distribution Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median, mode – Pharmaceutical examples Measures of dispersion: Dispersion, Range, standard deviation, Pharmaceutical problems Correlation: Definition, Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, Multiple correlation Pharmaceuticals examples | ||||||
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| Unit 2nd | Regression: Curve fitting by the method of least squares, fitting the lines y= a + bx and x = a+by, Multiple regression, standard error of regression– Pharmaceutical Examples Probability: Definition of probability, Binomial distribution, Normal distribution, Poisson’s distribution, properties- problems Sample, Population, large sample, small sample, Null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, sampling, essence of sampling, types of sampling, Error-I type, Error-II type, Standard error of mean (SEM)- Pharmaceutical examples Parametric test: t-test(Sample, Pooled or Unpaired and Paired) , ANOVA, (One way and Two way), Least Significance difference | ||||||
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| Unit 3rd | Non Parametric tests: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, Mann-WhitneyU test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Friedman Test Introduction to Research: Need for research, Need for design of Experiments, Experiential Design Technique, plagiarism Graphs: Histogram, Pie Chart, Cubic Graph, response surface plot, Counter Plot graph Designing the methodology: Sample size determination and Power of a study, Report writing and presentation of data, Protocol, Cohorts studies, Observational studies, Experimental studies, Designing clinical trial, various phases. | ||||||
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| Unit 4th | Blocking and confounding system for Two-level factorials Regression modeling: Hypothesis testing in Simple and Multiple regression models Introduction to Practical Components of Industrial and Clinical Trials Problems: Statistical Analysis Using Excel, SPSS, MINITAB®, DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS, R Online Statistical Software for Industrial and Clinical trial approach | ||||||
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| Unit 5th | Design and analysis of experiments: Factorial Design: Definition, 22, 23 design. Advantage of factorial design Response Surface methodology: Central composite design, Historical design, optimisation techniques | ||||||
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Unit Summary
This article presents well-structured B.Pharm 8th semester notes on Biostatistics and Research Methodology, designed as per the latest PCI syllabus. It explains key statistical tools such as frequency distribution, measures of central tendency and dispersion, probability distributions, correlation, regression, and hypothesis testing. The content also covers parametric and non-parametric tests, research design, design of experiments, response surface methodology, and clinical trial planning. Each unit is written in a clear, student-friendly manner with relevant pharmaceutical examples, graphs, and numerical problems. These notes are ideal for exam preparation, concept clarification, and quick revision for pharmacy students.
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