Pharmacognosy-I B.Pharmacy 4th Semester Notes

Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry–I notes for B.Pharmacy 4th semester cover natural drugs, their sources, classification, cultivation, evaluation, and quality control. The subject explains primary and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, resins, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, helping students understand herbal medicines and phytochemical principles used in drug discovery and development.

Bachelor of Pharmacy
Semester		4th Semester		Subject		Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry–I
Syllabus
Unit 1st	Introduction to Pharmacognosy: (a) Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy (b) Sources of Drugs– Plants, Animals, Marine & Tissue culture (c) Organized drugs, unorganized drugs (dried latex, dried juices, dried extracts, gums and mucilages, oleoresins and oleo- gum-resins). Classification of drugs: Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological, chemo and sero taxonomical classification of drugs Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin: Adulteration of drugs of natural origin. Evaluation by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods and properties. Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including lycopodium spore method, leafconstants, camera lucida and diagrams of microscopic objects to scale with camera lucida.
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Unit 2nd	Cultivation, Collection, Processing and storage of drugs of natural origin: Cultivation and Collection of drugs of natural origin Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants. Plant hormones and their applications. Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants Conservation of medicinal plants
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Unit 3rd	Plant tissue culture: Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, Nutritional requirements, growth and their maintenance. Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy. Edible vaccines
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Unit 4th	Pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine: Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional systems of medicine namely, Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathyand Chinese systems of medicine. Introduction to secondary metabolites: Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Alkaloids, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins
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Unit 5th	Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of natural origin containing following drugs Plant Products: Fibers- Cotton, Jute, Hemp Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens Primary metabolites: General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources, preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the following Primarymetabolites: Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey Proteins and Enzymes: Gelatin, casein, proteolytic enzymes (Papain, bromelain, serratiopeptidase, urokinase, streptokinase, pepsin). Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) : Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil, Wool Fat, Bees Wax Marine Drugs: Novel medicinal agents from marine sources
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Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry–I introduces the study of crude drugs obtained from natural sources such as plants, animals, and minerals. The subject covers classification, cultivation, collection, processing, and evaluation of crude drugs. It also explains primary and secondary metabolites, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and resins, along with their medicinal uses, quality control, and applications in herbal drug development.

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