Looking for B.Pharmacy 1st Year Unit 2 Human Anatomy and Physiology handwritten notes? Download high-quality, exam-focused notes based on the latest PCI syllabus (2025). These notes cover all essential topics of Human Anatomy with clear explanations, diagrams, and easy-to-understand language.
📖 Introduction to Unit 2 – Cellular Level of Organization
In Unit 1, we discussed the overall body organization. In Unit 2, we dive deeper into the cellular level, focusing on:
- The structure and functions of the cell
- The transport mechanisms across the cell membrane
- Cell division and its importance
- Various cellular organelles and their roles
- The basics of tissues (histology)
Understanding cells and tissues is critical in pharmacy to comprehend drug absorption, action, metabolism, and elimination at the cellular level.
🩺 2.1 Structure and Functions of Cell Membrane
🔹 Structure:
- The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell.
- Composed of:
- Phospholipid bilayer: Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
- Proteins: Integral and peripheral proteins.
- Carbohydrates: Glycoproteins and glycolipids for cell recognition.
🔹 Functions:
- Regulates the entry and exit of substances.
- Provides protection and structure.
- Facilitates cell communication.
- Supports cell recognition and immune response.
🩺 2.2 Transport Mechanisms Across the Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain substances to pass while restricting others.
🔹 Passive Transport: (No energy required)
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
- Facilitated Diffusion: Uses carrier proteins to transport substances.
- Osmosis: Movement of water across a membrane.
🔹 Active Transport: (Energy required)
- Moves molecules against the concentration gradient.
- Requires ATP.
- Example: Sodium-potassium pump.
🔹 Bulk Transport:
- Endocytosis: Engulfing substances into the cell.
- Exocytosis: Expelling substances out of the cell.
🩺 2.3 Structure and Functions of Cell Organelles
🔹 Nucleus:
- Control center of the cell.
- Contains DNA.
- Directs protein synthesis.
🔹 Mitochondria:
- Powerhouse of the cell.
- Produces ATP (energy).
🔹 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Has ribosomes, synthesizes proteins.
- Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals.
🔹 Golgi Apparatus:
- Processes, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids.
🔹 Lysosomes:
- Contains digestive enzymes to break down waste.
🔹 Peroxisomes:
- Break down fatty acids and neutralize toxins.
🔹 Cytoskeleton:
- Provides structural support.
- Aids in cell movement.
🩺 2.4 Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Cell division is crucial for growth, repair, and reproduction.
🔹 Phases of the Cell Cycle:
- Interphase: Preparation phase (G1, S, G2 phases)
- Mitosis: Division of the nucleus
- Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm
🔹 Mitosis:
- Produces two identical daughter cells.
- Phases:
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
🔹 Meiosis:
- Occurs in reproductive cells.
- Produces gametes (sperm and egg).
- Results in genetic diversity.
🔹 Importance of Cell Division:
- Growth and development.
- Tissue repair.
- Reproduction.
🩺 2.5 Basics of Tissues (Histology)
Tissues are groups of similar cells working together for a common function.
🔹 Four Basic Types of Tissues:
- Epithelial Tissue:
- Covers surfaces and lines cavities.
- Functions: Protection, absorption, secretion.
- Connective Tissue:
- Supports, binds, and protects organs.
- Types: Bone, blood, adipose (fat), cartilage.
- Muscle Tissue:
- Responsible for movement.
- Types:
- Skeletal (voluntary)
- Cardiac (heart)
- Smooth (internal organs)
- Nervous Tissue:
- Controls communication via electrical signals.
- Made up of neurons and neuroglia.
🩺 2.6 Clinical Aspects Related to Cells and Tissues
- Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division.
- Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
- Infections: Viral or bacterial agents target specific cells.
- Genetic Disorders: Result from mutations in DNA.
🩺 2.7 Summary of Unit 2
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|---|
| Cell Membrane | Controls exchange, provides protection |
| Transport Mechanisms | Passive, active, bulk transport |
| Cell Organelles | Nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi, lysosomes |
| Cell Cycle | Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis |
| Tissues | Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
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